Are Very Short Messages Ok With HMAC-SHA256 ((FREE))
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At least, to this date[Feb. 2020], there are no known vulnerabilities relating to short messages with sufficiently sized keys. If this is all you cared about, feel free to stop reading here. The rest of the answer just go into details as to why it's not a problem.
Hashcat boasts its ability to crack over 200+ hashing algorithms, but there isn't much documentation on much of them. Hashcat --help shows it has support for HMAC cracking, but it's not very straightforward with the syntax (it just says \"1450 HMAC-SHA256 (key = $pass)\" ). I understand that HMAC-SHA256 takes two parameters, one being the key and one being the message, but I'm not sure how to specify both of these with Hashcat.
Aside from its ability to enable data integrity and message authentication, another reason why HMAC is an excellent file transfer data integrity-checking mechanism is its efficiency. As discussed in the article Understanding Hashing, hash functions can take a message of arbitrary length and transform it into a fixed-length digest. That means, even if you have relatively long messages, their corresponding message digests can remain short, allowing you to maximize bandwidth.
Hash objects with different digest sizes have completely different outputs(shorter hashes are not prefixes of longer hashes); BLAKE2b and BLAKE2sproduce different outputs even if the output length is the same:
HMACs provides client and server with a shared private key that is known only to them. The client makes a unique hash (HMAC) for every request. When the client requests the server, it hashes the requested data with a private key and sends it as a part of the request. Both the message and key are hashed in separate steps making it secure. When the server receives the request, it makes its own HMAC. Both the HMACS are compared and if both are equal, the client is considered legitimate.
Now we have to calculate S bits K+ is EXORed with ipad and the result is S1 bits which is equivalent to b bits since both K+ and ipad are b bits. We have to append S1 with plain text messages. Let P be the plain text message. S1, p0, p1 upto Pm each is b bits. m is the number of plain text blocks. P0 is plain text block and b is plain text block size. After appending S1 to Plain text we have to apply HASH algorithm (any variant). Simultaneously we have to apply initialization vector (IV) which is a buffer of size n-bits. The result produced is therefore n-bit hashcode i.e H( S1 M ). Similarly, n-bits are padded to b-bits And K+ is EXORed with opad producing output S2 bits. S2 is appended to the b-bits and once again hash function is applied with IV to the block. This further results into n-bit hashcode which is H( S2 H( S1 M )).
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