The Dead Space [UPDATED]
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The Brethren Moons, sometimes referred to as Brother Moons and Blood Moons, are gigantic, space-faring Necromorphs and the source of the Marker signal. They are the result of a Convergence Event and are believed to be the final stage in the Necromorph life cycle. Due to their agenda, the Brethren Moons are the central antagonists of the Dead Space franchise.
The Moons reproduce by producing Black Markers which then travel through space at sub-light speeds before impacting a suitable host world. In the case of Earth, the Black Marker was carried inside of an asteroid that struck the Yucatán Peninsula around 65 million years B.C. It is unknown if the Moons specifically target worlds that show promise for intelligent life or if the Markers themselves are responsible for encouraging the evolution of intelligent species through an altered version of their dementia signal, as was theorized by the Unitologist leader Jacob Danik.
After a host world has been reached, the Marker will fall dormant for a time, reactivating only once the dominant lifeform of the host planet has achieved a certain level of technological advancement. The Marker then broadcasts an electromagnetic signal that severely affects intelligent beings, manifesting as dementia in those of a more simple mindset, or as a compulsion to replicate the Markers through artificial means in intellectuals. This overtly hostile signal appears, at first, to be a seemingly limitless source of electromagnetic energy, which drives intelligent species to create Marker copies that are then inevitably distributed throughout their territory. However, the signal has another function which remains dormant for a brief period after its discovery: It can alter the necrotic tissue of dead organisms at the molecular level, causing corpses to reanimate and become Necromorphs; relentlessly hostile bio-recombinant creatures which then spread across the surface of the affected planet like a pandemic. Ideally, due to the presence of Markers in nearly every major population center, containing outbreaks becomes nearly impossible.
Isaac and Carver also learned that the Alien Machine was in fact designed to destroy the Tau Volantis Moon by crashing it into the planet itself, but this function was never properly configured. They managed to reconfigure the Machine, killing the Tau Volantis Moon and causing all of the Markers in human space to seemingly stop broadcasting, ending the danger to the galaxy, at least temporarily. Unfortunately, though the Tau Volantis Moon was incomplete, upon its awakening, it somehow managed to contact the other Brethren Moons. Upon its destruction, they woke up and began converging on Earth, which was the largest source of human life in the galaxy.
N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) dead space is an important factor for respirator design. The dead space refers to the cavity between the internal surface of the FFR and the wearer's facial surface. This article presents a novel method to estimate the dead space volume of FFRs and experimental validation. In this study, six FFRs and five headforms (small, medium, large, long/narrow, and short/wide) are used for various FFR and headform combinations. Microsoft Kinect Sensors (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) are used to scan the headforms without respirators and then scan the headforms with the FFRs donned. The FFR dead space is formed through geometric modeling software, and finally the volume is obtained through LS-DYNA (Livermore Software Technology Corporation, Livermore, CA). In the experimental validation, water is used to measure the dead space. The simulation and experimental dead space volumes are 107.5-167.5 mL and 98.4-165.7 mL, respectively. Linear regression analysis is conducted to correlate the results from Kinect and water, and R(2) = 0.85.
Some time later, Detective Nathan McNeill who is working on the case file of the rampage met an old friend, Gabe Weller, now serving on the USG Ishimura. As the planet cracking began, the power went out and the colony descended into chaos as they are attacked first by psychotic colonists under the influence of the Red Marker and then by Necromorphs, monstrous reanimated creatures made from the bodies of the dead. They also discovered Lexine Murdoch, Sam's girlfriend (As seen in a short prologue) and agreed to take her to safety. The group raced to find a shuttle and eventually found one in the Megavents, thanks to a man named Warren Eckhardt, an executive from the mining company. The four of them flew to the Ishimura for help, but the Ishimura wanted them to return to the surface. The group refused which resulted in the Ishimura shooting them down with its cannons, causing the shuttle to crash into the Ishimura and forcing the group to spacewalk to a nearby airlock.
Dead space of the respiratory system refers to the space in which oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gasses are not exchanged across the alveolar membrane in the respiratory tract. Anatomic dead space specifically refers to the volume of air located in the respiratory tract segments that are responsible for conducting air to the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles but do not take part in the process of gas exchange itself. These segments of the respiratory tract include the upper airways, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. On the other hand, alveolar dead space refers to the volume of air in alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused, and thus gas exchange does not take place.[1][2][3]
Dead space has particular significance in the concept of ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) in the lung, represented by the V/Q ratio. Alveoli with no perfusion have a V/Q of infinity (Q=0), whereas alveoli with no ventilation have a V/Q of 0 (V=0). Therefore, in situations (i.e., V/Q =infinity) in which the alveoli are ventilated but not perfused, gas exchange cannot occur, such as when pulmonary embolism increases alveolar dead space.
Alveolar dead space typically is negligible in a healthy individual. Anatomic, and therefore physiological, dead space normally is estimated at 2mL/kg of body weight and comprises 1/3 of the TV in a healthy adult patient; it is even higher in pediatric patients. Effectively, 1/3 of a TV of inhaled air is rebreathed due to dead space. At the end of expiration, the dead volume consists of a gas mixture high in CO2 and low in O2 compared to ambient air.
In patients with disease-free lungs who are undergoing general anesthesia for procedures non-affective of the thoracic cavity or diaphragm, dead space and compliance of the lungs has enabled physicians to tailor patients' PEEP to optimal levels, with the reasoning that the point of minimum dead space with maximum compliance represents the point at which the maximum amount of alveoli are opened for ventilation. Increasing VD, however, can signify that alveoli may be over-distending from overly-aggressive ventilation parameters. Lung recruitment maneuvers in adjunct to PEEP in mechanical ventilation has been shown to significantly increase functional residual capacity, compliance, and PaO2 with decreases in dead space compared to PEEP alone.[4][5][6]
Estimating the dead space can be of significant value in clinical situations for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value. Dead space is an integral part of volume capnography, which measures expired CO2 and dead space (VDphys/VT) on a breath-by-breath basis for efficient monitoring of patient ventilation. Despite that the VDphys/VT ratio measured by Enghoff's equation is adversely affected by pulmonary shunting in ARDS, VDphys/VT has been shown to be a significant predictor of mortality during early-phase acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and increases in the VDphys/VT ratio correlated with poorer patient outcomes. Measurement of this dead space provides a quantifiable indicator of overall lung function for physicians to assess throughout the course of ARDS patients' hospital course. PEEP, an integral part of ARDS ventilation management, can be titrated to a patient's specific need based on capnography and dead space monitoring, but this finding has not been consistently shown in multiple studies.
Physicians with patients suspected of pulmonary embolism can use dead space and capnography findings to exclude the diagnosis with elevated D-dimer, a sensitive but not specific test for an embolism. Furthermore, capnography can be used for periodic monitoring of thrombolysis treatment in pulmonary embolism by trending changes in dead space measurements. Dead space and capnography can prove to be useful tools, minimizing unnecessary tests by ruling out pulmonary embolism with simple capnography measurements.
Clearance of the anatomic dead space is believed to play a significant role in using nasal high flow cannulas. It is believed that high nasal flow allows dead space to be cleared more rapidly and subsequently decreasing the portion of dead space that is rebreathed, increasing alveolar ventilation.
This diagram shows how syringe design can affect the amount of blood collected and transmitted when sharing needles. The far left shows a very high dead space syringe, and the far right is the lowest.
We reviewed the existing research on these syringes and whether people minded using them. We also interviewed 23 people who inject drugs, and 13 volunteers and professionals who work with them, from Bristol and Bath. We aimed to explore their views on detachable low dead space syringes, and decide whether any additional support is needed to encourage their use.
That means that we'll once again be taking on the role of Isaac Clarke, a 23rd-century engineer sent to help fix the stranded spaceship Ishimura. Upon arrival, it quickly becomes clear that things are very wrong on the ship, with hideous necromorphs taking control of it and roaming its corridors and bays.
The Dead Space Remake brings a lot of fantastic upgrades with it, including a secret ending. Originally, the game's protagonist, Isaac, got jumped by a hallucination of his girlfriend Nicole as he escaped Aegis VII. However, as the game has become its own franchise, the remake has created an alternate ending to explain how Isaac survived this seemingly deadly encounter and continued to the sequel. 153554b96e
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